Support teaching and learning activities Essay Example

Bolster educating and learning exercises Essay Example Bolster instructing and learning exercises Essay Bolster educating and learning exercises Essay The instructor will get ready for the long and medium term arranging, they may set time aside during the week to talk about the learning destinations for the exercises with the goal that the help expert will have an away from of what Is not out of the ordinary of the exercise and how to enable the kids to accomplish this. Working with Special Needs Children inside the study hall setting they will have distinctive learning targets and will need additional help. During the arranging a help specialist ought to have the chances to give any info and proposals into the exercise plan/learning objective concerning any troubles which may prevent the learning procedure. During an action bolster professionals ought to be watching and observing to give the educator proficient input. Kids ought to likewise be lauded and given a lot of support to help develop confidence and certainty. Toward the finish of the exercise the help specialist and the educator ought to examine whether the learning goals for the exercise was effectively accomplished and talk about any issues that emerged. 03 Support Learning Castles Evaluate own qualities and shortcomings corresponding to help learning 1. 2 and how these may affect on the help that can be given. Exercises be straightforward with yourself as well as other people, ensure you assess accomplishments just as disappointments, incorporate all parts of your work, and afterward consistently approach an associate for he lp and exhortation if necessary. Considering your work will assist with improving your own abilities and furthermore grow information. Qualities Easily agreeable Being versatile Team work Willing to take a stab at anything new Working alone Patience Relational abilities (great) Using assets to profit getting the hang of Knowing your jobs and obligations Asking for assist Display with working Weaknesses Sometimes can require a long time to process data (redundancy required) in subjects not solid in Dont consistently comprehend exercise plans Use of workstations, note pads and PCs on programs Im curious about Communication with right wording (here and there get stirred up).

Plants Essays - Plant Morphology, Plants, Plant Anatomy, Free Essays

Plants Essays - Plant Morphology, Plants, Plant Anatomy, Free Essays Plants Life science seventh grade Jr high Part 1 Plants are the premise of the food pyramid for every single living thing, much different plants. They have consistently been imperative to individuals, for food, yet additionally for dress, weapons, instruments, colors, meds, cover and a large number of different purposes. The two people and creatures profit by plants. We eat a wide range of sorts of plants, for example, products of the soil. We additionally use plants for our herbs. Plants are additionally used to fabricate a wide range of items, for example, shampoos, elastic, paper, and camera film. In certain nations, matured sugar stick is utilized rather than gas. Creatures use plants from numerous points of view moreover. They eat numerous foods grown from the ground plants. Numerous creatures use plants for cover. Plants additionally furnish creatures with insurance from predators. The pulverization of various plants in some cases prompts creatures getting imperiled or wiped out. The essential structure of plants comprises of roots, stem, leaves, bloom as well as natural product or seeds. A bloom is the piece of the plant that makes the seeds. The primary pieces of a bloom are the carpels and stamens. These parts are frequently found in the focal point of the blossom. There are egg cells in the carpel and dust cells in the stamen. All blossoms have four essential parts: sepals, petals, carpels, and stamen. Various blossoms have various numbers and states of these parts. Most plants can be partitioned into one of two general classifications: herbaceous or woody plants. Herbaceous plants have delicate stems, while woody plants are tree-like. Herbaceous plants produce totally new stems every year. The moving toward chilly climate makes the new beyond words to the ground. Some herbaceous plants endure times of cold by shaping underground bulbs, or tubers utilized for food stockpiling. Numerous herbaceous plants total their life cycles inside one developing season and the entire plant passes on, even the roots. These annuals produce seeds that will shape new plants the following year. Land plants are isolated into two gatherings dependent on whether they have vascular tissues or not. All nonvascular plants are put in one division. There are nine divisions of vascular plants. These are separated dependent on whether they structure seeds or not. Division Bryophyta - nonvascular plants Class - Musci - the greeneries Division Pterophyta - greeneries, gathering of seedless plants Division Coniferophyta - cone-framing seed plants Division Anthophyta - natural product shaping seed plants Class - Monocotyledonae Class - Dicotyledonae Section 2 ROOTS Roots help to grapple a plant in the ground. They additionally ingest water and minerals from the dirt, and store food. Plants for the most part fit in with one of two root frameworks, a taproot framework or a stringy root framework. A taproot framework, by and large found in dicotyledons, is comprised of a focal, enormous root that is known as the taproot. The taproot is bigger in breadth than the sidelong roots. Horizontal roots, which originate from the pericycle, branch off from the taproot, and afterward parallel roots, can diverge other sidelong roots. Taproots for the most part develop more profoundly into the dirt than do stringy roots. In contrast to the taproot framework, the sinewy root framework is comprised of slim, tacky roots that all have about a similar breadth. These roots branch a few times and structure an unpredictable tangle under the plant that ties to the upper soil layers. Stringy roots can be found in monocots, for example, grasses. A few plants, for example, the tomato plant, can have a sinewy root framework or a taproot framework relying upon how the plant was developed. On the off chance that the plant is developed from a seed, the plant will develop from a taproot. At the point when the plant is developed from cuttings, a stringy root framework will shape. Each root grows a mass of little hairs close to its tip to ingest water from the dirt. These small hairs are called root hairs, and they are produced using cells. They take water to the primary root. The fundamental root carries the water to the primary plant. The roots additionally help hold the plant in the ground. Within a root has four distinct parts. The epidermis is the outside part. It resembles our skin. It ensures within parts of the root, similar to our skin secures us. Plants take in water from the dirt through their underlying foundations. The water goes through the vascular beams until it arrives at the middle

Size Matters Long Novels vs Short Novels (+ 10 Recommendations)

Size Matters Long Novels vs Short Novels (+ 10 Recommendations) This is a guest post from Margret Aldrich,  a writer and editor who has worked with authors from American Indian activist Winona LaDuke to punk-rock guitar legend Cheetah Chrome. Her book about Little Free Libraries comes out from Coffee House Press next spring. Follow her on  Twitter  @mmaldrich. _________________________ Every day for weeksâ€"for monthsâ€"a boy in my third-grade class lugged Tolstoy’s behemoth War and Peace to school in his backpack. He pulled it out to read at his desk during any moment of free time, proudly turning each of the 1,408 pages the way other grade-schoolers might milk bravado from eating a worm at recess. The massive undertaking was admirableâ€"if a little insufferableâ€"and the rest of us were impressed, sure that one-thousand-plus pages equaled really-freaking-important. No one disturbed Ryan as he read. Bets were placed on how long it would take him to finish the book. (Three weeks! Ten years! Never!) Theories were formed around how much it weighed. (Ten pounds! Fifty!) Ryan, of course, didn’t have time to theorize. He had a higher calling: reading. A reverence for big books stuck with me through my early school years, and I happily plodded through the 1,024 pages of Gone With the Wind, 1,104 pages of Stephen King’s It, 840 pages of The Brothers Karamazov, and 864 pages of Lonesome Dove. (Thanks for the introduction to Larry McMurty, 1989 TV miniseries starring Ricky Schroeder.) In the summertime, I often had all day to read, lounging in the grove of elm trees on our Iowa farmstead with nothing but a blanket, a bottle of Coke, and a book. And the longer the book was, the more time there was to savor every detail of the story. Flipping through page after page, I could sink into a subplot, ruminate on a passage of dialogue, and get to know the subtlest nuances of a character. Then came the book-filled syllabi of higher education; editorial jobs packed with manuscripts, journals, and marketing reports; and a new appreciation for the slender novel. This was the era of one- or two-night stands of the literary kind. I welcomed Pnin (184 pages), The Great Gatsby (176 pages), Sula (192 pages), Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress (184 pages), and other skillful, speedy books. Though longer novels shared my bedside table during this phase, too, anything over five hundred pages was daunting and often took months to read (I’m talking about you, Infinite Jest and The Corrections)â€"interrupted by magazine essays, short story collections, books of poetry, and other distractions lighter in physical weight if not content. Due to my long-book moratorium, I had avoided Haruki Murakami, but finally picked up 1Q84 (1,184 pages) after reading a beautiful review. It was the first book I’d spent long, drawn-out, dedicated time with in ages. We went through two seasons together, holidays together. I wasn’t just reading this book, we were cohabitating, and I missed it when it was over. Now, I’m left wondering: Do I choose something from my long-book list or short-book list next? (Not to mention all the lovely 200-, 300-, and 400-page books to be read.) Do I want a clever, slim book, masterful in craft and restraint (and that’s easy to carry from coffee shop to lakeside) or a more substantial book that will let me in on all of its characters’ secretsâ€"but is a bear to jam in a suitcase? Here are some of the contenders (and, no, War and Peace isn’t on my list): The Long: The Interestings by Meg Wolitzer, 560 pages The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt, 775 pages Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy, 976 pages Tree of Smoke by Denis Johnson, 720 pages Les Miserables by Victor Hugo, 1,472 pages (I thought I’d already read this in high school but recently learned it was the abridged version. Abridged!) The Short: Visitation by Jenny Erpenbeck, 192 pages Leaving the Atocha Station by Ben Lerner, 186 pages Waiting for the Barbarians by J. M. Coetzee, 192 pages The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, 197 pages The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, 128 pages (At barely over a hundred pages, and with a new translation by Susan Bernofsky, there’s no excuse not to read this immediately.) What are your favorite long and short novels, and what ones are on your to-read list? Do you enjoy a quick read or a long, involved relationship with a book? Note: Page counts for the books included in this post vary based on edition. ____________________ Book Riot Live is coming! Join us for a two-day event full of books, authors, and an all around good time. Its the convention for book lovers that weve always wanted to attend. So we are doing it ourselves. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers.

The Relationship Between Morality and Religion in the...

The Relationship Between Morality and Religion In the Dalai Lama and John Pope II Perspective The complexities on the issue of the relationship between religion and morality is intriguing in the sense that there is no right or wrong answer, but merely your own intrinsic belief. The 14th Dalai Lama, spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhists, believes that you cant have religion without morals, but you can have morals without religion. This seems to contrast with the view of John Paul II, in the sense that he passionately believes that moral truth is governed by only God himself. â€Å"To ask about the good, in fact, ultimately means to turn towards God, the fullness of goodness. In this Encyclical letter, Veritatis splendor, John Paul II†¦show more content†¦Religion clearly influences your thoughts on issues in the world. If you chose to take time to follow, believe and practice a religion, its arduous to eradicate your principles when answering lifes questions unbiasedly. Both leaders, John Paul II and the Dalai Lama, employ some of their religious tradition on their view of the relationship between religion and morality. First, the Dalai Lama mentions, in Ethics for the New Millennium, that his book is not about Buddhist ethics and is â€Å"not a religious book.† He further emphasizes that he is looking more universally beyond religion and more into moral spirituality. Although these statements might be true, anyone that has analyzed the basics of Buddhist philosophies can evidently see the parallel between his views on everyday life ethics and Buddhist ethics. For example, the Dalai Lama accents the basics of ethics as the desire for inner peace and how to cope/prevent suffering from arising. In comparison, Buddhism teaches the four noble truths, which is the central beliefs containing the essence of Buddhist teachings; it examines the reason humans suffer and how to subsist it with happiness and unity. Since Buddhism is seen more as a philo sophy, or way of life, it is understandable that the Dalai Lama can easily speak aboutShow MoreRelatedGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesproblems nowadays 5. Religion a. Religion divides more than it unites b. Religion and politics c. Science and religion 6. Terrorism a. Can terrorism ever be eradicated? 7. Sports a. True purpose of sports nowadays b. Sports and Media 8. Foreign Aid a. How effective is Foreign Aid? 9. Migration a. Is migration/having foreigners good? 10. Subjects a. Literature b. History c. Mathematics d. Universal language 11. Businesses a. Business morality b. Charities

The Dancing Raisin Experiment

Raisins may be dehydrated grapes, but when you add a certain liquid to them they become hip-hoppin’ dancers—at least, thats how they look. To demonstrate the principles of density and buoyancy, all you need is a little carbon dioxide gas  to get those raisins doing the jitterbug. To create carbon dioxide in the kitchen you can use baking soda and vinegar or with the less messy (and less predictable) clear, carbonated soda. Materials This is a low-cost project, and the materials you need are easy to find in the grocery store. They include: 2 to 3 clear glasses (depending on how many versions of the experiment you want to run at the same time)A box of raisinsClear, well-carbonated soda (tonic water, club soda, and Sprite all work well)  or  baking soda, vinegar, and water Hypothesis Start by asking following question and record the answer on a piece of paper: What do you think happens when you put raisins in soda? The Dancing Raisins Experiment Decide whether you want to use soda or baking soda and vinegar to conduct the experiment or if you want to compare what happens in both versions of the experiment. Note: For the baking soda and vinegar version of the experiment, you’ll need to fill the glass halfway with water. Add 1 tablespoon of baking soda, stirring to make sure it dissolves completely. Add enough vinegar to make the glass about three-quarters full, then proceed to Step 3. Put out one clear glass for every different type of soda you’ll be testing. Try different brands and flavors; anything goes so long as you can see the raisins. Make sure your soda hasn’t gone flat and then fill each glass to the halfway mark.Plop a couple of raisins into each glass. Don’t be alarmed if they sink to the bottom; that’s supposed to happen.Turn on some dance music and observe the raisins. Soon they should begin dancing their way to the top of the glass. Observations and Questions to Ask What happened when you first dropped the raisins in the glass?Why did they sink?Once they started dancing, did the raisins stay at the top?What else did you notice happening to the raisins? Did they look different?Do you think the same thing would have happened if you put raisins in water?What other objects do you think would dance in soda? Scientific Principles at Work As you observed the raisins, you should have noticed that they initially sank to the bottom of the glass. That’s due to their density, which is greater than that of liquid. But because raisins have a rough, dented surface, they are filled with air pockets. These air pockets attract the carbon dioxide gas in the liquid, creating the little bubbles you should have observed on the surface of the raisins. The carbon dioxide bubbles increase the volume of each raisin without raising its  mass. When the volume increases and the mass does not, the density of the raisins is lowered. The raisins are now less dense than the surrounding fluid, so they rise to the surface. At the surface, the carbon dioxide bubbles pop and the raisins’ density changes again. That’s why they sink again. The whole process is repeated, making it look as though the raisins are dancing. Extend the Learning Try putting the raisins in a jar that has a replaceable lid or directly into a bottle of soda. What happens to the raisins when you put the lid or cap back on? What happens when you take it back off?

Interplanetary Internet from NASA’s experiment Free Essays

ABSTRACT Internet has already revolutionized the way we live and work, but it is still in its infancy in some areas to provide ubiquitous connectivity in future. To solve the problem of Ubiquitous connectivity in communication – challenged areas Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) provides an opportunistic networking architecture. Opportunistic networks represent a class of networks where end-to-end continuous connectivity between source and destination is intermittent [1]. We will write a custom essay sample on Interplanetary Internet from NASA’s experiment or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are variety of challenged areas like areas as high latitudes, war prone areas or disastrous scenario where environmental considerations create impossibility for conventional mobile telephony and satellite coverage is inadequate or economically infeasible or because of infrastructure deployment constraints, or power source availability, or because of government policy decisions do not allow access. Moreover, DTN seeks to address the technical issues in heterogeneous networks to use every possible feasible access method to provide internetworking among existing types of wireless or wired networks like Internet, Mobile and WLAN [7]. Integrating DTN capabilities with the existing TCP/IP based Internet it aims to deliver Internet-like communications even for long variable delay, asynchronous as well as interrupted heterogeneous environment where existing transport protocol and congestion control mechanism have limitations [1]. Basic DTN architecture by IETF RFC involves use of ‘Bundle protocol’ which allows communication over multiple hops by means of ‘custody transfers’ andmessages in DTN are routed in store-and-forward manner on each node[2]. Research and development going on over last ten years has set out some challenges that need more focus before DTN becomes a day to day reality. In this Interim report I am focusing on Denial of Service (DoS) attacks due to open channel and multi-hop DTN transmission characteristics which can limit its full utilisation. First I will review the state-of-art in context of DTN security and attacks at present then I will analyse possible DoS attacks in DTN and their countermeasures. I will present a comprehensive resilience mechanism to address the identified attacks, focusing on a critical metrics of performance. I will propose a simulation model and demonstrate the effectiveness of the newly proposed techniques through simulation using ONE simulator. CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1.1 Background and Context The emergence of the idea of Delay tolerant networking started in late 1990 as ‘Interplanetary Internet’ from NASA’s experiment of deep space, high delay, store-and- forward networks [5]. That early work focused on protocols suitable for very long propagation delays of deep- space- interplanetary communications. Other early work includes military specific Disruption-Tolerant Networking due to scenarios of long delayed links, broken or intermittent links. Extending initial work purpose in 2002-03 researchers looked at other applicable scenarios, like terrestrial wireless networks, wireless sensor networks and other local area networks, where communication opportunities were not much certain. DTN has shown its suitability and strength to applications having long or unknown delays due to frequent disconnections and for interconnecting various heterogeneous networks, which commonly is not a conventional IP-based network. The development of wireless communication technologies made the Internet ubiquitously. Within the vision of ‘any time anywhere’ networking, efficient internetworking among existing types of wireless networks is inevitable. Integrating DTN networks as another access method into the existing network infrastructure allows the Internet to reach people who are hundreds of kilometres, or more away from existing infrastructure. Although Internet has already revolutionized the way we live and work, but it is still in its infancy in some areas. Challenges faced by current Internet Today’s Internet is based on end-to-end network connectivity based TCP/IP protocol model. It makes certain fundamental assumptions like continuous source destination connectivity, end – to- end low delay paths, low transmission error rate and bidirectional symmetrical data rate which applies a number of constraints to its reachability[1][5]. So the overall vision [6] of Future Internet should be to provide ubiquitous and pervasive networking for the users and applications in well-connected regions with keeping in mind communication challenged areas. The current Internet must develop to be more able of dealing with new evolving forms of content and their consumption but there are many challenges in the wide range of application requirements related to network heterogeneity as well as by the growing number of non-TCP/IP networks and mobile devices. 1.2 Motivation to DTN: 1.2.1 Challenged networks/environments for Internet Some regions are called ?communications challenged’ because they have little or negligible infrastructure that is required to support modern wireless and wired Internet communications. These Challenged environments are very heterogeneous and have characteristics [1] [5] such as End-to-end path may not exist creating Intermittent connectivity Node reachability and density may be Predictable (Planetary dynamics, scheduled vehicles, message ferries) Unpredictable (Sparse sensor networks, data mules, vehicular) Semi-predictable (animals, vehicles, etc.) Large, unpredictable, variable delays for transmission (deep space- moon: 3s, Mars: 2min, Pluto: 5h) Asymmetric/ asynchronous data rate which may be very low (acoustic underwater modems: 1 bit/s–few Kbit/s) High bit error rate (wireless, underwater, satellite) Using different transport protocols in different parts of the network making interactive communication impossible/ inefficient or unreliable Environment having very large round trip times (deep space, military or remote area communication) Many of the challenges have been tried to address using Performance Enhancing Proxies (PEPs) which try to solve high delay low bit rate links performance but it still demands end-to-end connection. 1.2.2 Challenges due to Mobility Mobility may create potential disconnection in end-to-end connectivity which produces challenges for current TCP/IP based Internet in form of: Communication link availability (not ubiquitous due to movement Limited Transmission range Communication link specially interactive communication link may be costly due to frequent movement of nodes Link may be unavailable due lack of battery power or storage Although Ad-hoc and Peer-to-Peer networks may solve the problem to some extend but there are limitations due to not enough mobile nodes available or willing nodes or nodes with incompatible devices. 1.3 DTN concept: Solution to Challenged environments and mobility DTN aims to provide solution for challenged environment where no end- to-end connection is available or it is disrupted. Delay Tolerant Network is a network over underlying heterogeneous networks having opportunistic encounter driven ‘store, carry and forward’ approach to provide connectivity on hop-by-hop basis. Most discussedcurrent approach to DTN is centred on an overlay protocol called the bundle protocol (BP).[11] 2.4 DTN Denial of service attack (DoS): Motivations DTN transmission is open channel and multi-hop which makes attacks in such situations an easier task. Traditional mechanisms to mitigate these attacks are not well sufficient to challenge environments where nodes are not connected for long periods of time and direct end-to-end communication is not possible and resources are scarce. Most of the solution available so far in literature address security in general and does not give attention to Denial of Service aspects in DTN. DoS is the most common attack in Internet communication and in DTN environments due to longer delays DoS attempts will be more effective. So there is need for more research explicitly considering DoS at all times. 1.5 Objectives of Project Study of delay tolerant network (DTN) architecture, its concepts and Bundle layer and how they differ from current networks, giving more emphases on security and attacks. First I will review the state-of-art in context of DTN security and attacks at present then I will analyse possible. Identify the common DoS attacks and their countermeasures, focussing on a scenario of communication in delay tolerant networks comprising mobile nodes. To design develop and test some resilience mechanism mechanism to address the identified attacks (nodes with address spoofing, false authentication and packet flooding), focusing on a critical metrics of performance using Simulator Simulation result will show how performance of a DTN network suffers when no Resilience scheme is used. 1.6 Overview of Dissertation: First I will review the state-of-art literature review in context of DTN architecture, security and analyse possible DoS attacks in DTN and their countermeasures. Then (in Ch-3) I will present an attack model and resilience mechanism for DoS attack. In next sections will follow ONE simulator overview and future work in direction of achieving objectives of project with Gantt chart and finally conclusion and references. CHAPTER 2: State-of-The-Art and Literature Review 2.1 Introduction DTN aims to provide usable Internet-way communications for long variable delays, asynchronous as well as interrupted heterogeneous environment where existing transport protocol and congestion control mechanism have limitations [1]. 2.2 Delay Tolerant Network history and Overview Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) have become a hot research topic among researchers and academicians since it was proposed by Kevin Fall in 2003 SIGCOMM seminar paper [1]. Vinton Cerf who is recognized as â€Å"one of the fathers of Internet† contributed in designing and defining its reference Architecture [2] in DTNRG for IETFdraft of RFC-4838. Basic DTN architecture by Internet Research Task Force’s Delay-Tolerant Networking Research Group (IRTF DTNRG) involves use of ‘Bundle protocol’ which allows communication over multiple hops by means of ‘custody transfers’ andmessages in DTN are routed in store-and-forward manner on each node[RFC-5050]. 2.3 Delay Tolerant Networking Definition and Contexts of DTNs in Literature A delay- or disruption-tolerant network has been defined in several ways in literature. In [1], the DTN is defined as challenged networks, which may not follow the assumptions of the Internet. In [2]RFC-4838 describes it as occasionally and opportunistically -connected networks that may comprise more than one different set of protocols. It includes a hop-by-hop transfer of message for reliable delivery. A DTN as stated in [5] was defined as a network of regional networks, where it serves as a store-and-forward overlay on top of (and providing interoperability between) regional networks (Internet, the MANETs, sensor network or any other network). 2.4 Constraints in Delay Tolerant Networks Node Constraints includes (a) Limited Memory (b) Limited and unreliable Power and Energy (c) limited transfer time for messages. Network Constraints are (a) Unreliable Communication (b) Collisions and latency Physical Limitations are (a) Unattended after deployment (b) Remotely managed Link constraints (a) long and varying delays (b) changeable mobility pattern of devices In Opportunistic networks such as Sensor/Actuator networks that use scheduled intermittent connectivity (to conserve power), because they have extremely limited node power, storage memory, and CPU processing capability. In Vehicular networks which use opportunistic (unpredictable) contact for message delivery. In Satellite networks having medium delays or periodic connectivity In Terrestrial wireless networks that connect mobile devices, including PDAs etc. In Underwater acoustic (sensor) networks having frequent interruptions with moderate delays. Outer (deep)-space networks (InterPlaNetary (IPN) Internet project). Military Ad-hoc Networks such as a military battlefield where systems operate in highly hostile environments having mobility, bad environmental factors, or regulations causing disconnections like intentional jamming. In Rural villages or developing regions low cost and remotely located networks that non-interactively and occasionally communicate with the Internet. For example remotely located schools, kiosks and computer centres are linked on occasional basis using satellite and data mules or local transport infrastructures. In sparsely connected ad hoc networks where some wireless devices or networks may fall outside the required communication range of each other. 2.5 Major DTN Applications and Examples Example of Projects involving DTN: [6,7] Diesel net. Haggle, Interplanetary Internet, BBN’s SPINDLE project, FirstMileSolutions SeNDT – Sensor Network with Delay Tolerance, Saratoga and HTTP-DTN, SNC Project, N4C Project, ZebraNet, FidoNet, SUMOWIN, Shared Wireless Infostation Model (SWIM) at Cornell, The Mindstream Project at the University of Waterloo School of Computer Science, Time Equals Knowledge (TeK),World Wide Web Offline Explorer (WWWOFFLE), Bytewala DTN, Chianti, IBR-DTN etc. 2.6 Routing in DTN ** Traditional routing protocols operate under the assumptions of continuous connectivity, low delay and very low packet loss rate but in case of DTN opportunistic and disconnected links new routing protocols and system architectures are required to be developed. There are various types of DTNs based on their characteristics, but allows great flexibility for routing protocols in these networks based on their specific requirements. There are several DTN routing schemes proposed in the literature. Four major ones could be Epidemic routing: Epidemic routing simply makes multiple copies of packets to flood the network in a hope that any one of them will be delivered to the destination. This protocol performs best in terms of packet delivery and latency when network bandwidth and storage are unlimited. But it is not the case in practice. PROPHET: estimates delivery predictability to destinations using the history of encounters. MaxProp: computes a rank for each packet in terms of delivery probability and sorts packets in the transfer buffer accordingly. Upon transfer opportunity, packets are replicated in the order of their ranks Spray-and-Wait: follows a flooding scheme, but limits the total number of copies per packet. 2.6 Threats in DTN To understand the topic I will first examine the terminology, then the definitions of threats and DoS followed by discussion why DoS is potential problem in DTN. Security and attack literature reviews are given in next chapter. Threat: [20] Any circumstance or event (such as the existence of an attacker and vulnerabilities) with the potential to adversely impact a system through a security. Attack: Attempt to gain unauthorized access to a service, resource, or information, or the attempt to compromise integrity, availability, or confidentiality. It is irrelevant to success, which may or may not. Non DTN node threats: The first set of threats considered were those coming from network elements which are not directly part of the DTN. As an overlay network, bundles typically traverse multiple underlying networks. Any vulnerability in the bundle protocol can be exploited at any of those network elements [13]. Denial of Service (DoS): Classically, the definition of denial-of-service (DOS) involves three components: authorized users, a shared service, and a maximum waiting time [20][13]. In DoS Authorized users are said to deny service to other authorized users when they prevent access to or use of a shared service for longer than some maximum waiting time. More generally to denial-of-service in DTN: The result of any action that prevents any part of a DTN from functioning correctly or in a timely manner so that intended user cannot use it. It is directly a breach to availability [20]. 2.7 Denial of Service Attacks: [3]In addition to the basic resource consumption threats mentioned above there is also a range of denial of service (DoS) attacks which must be considered in the DTN context. DoS attacks can be mounted at any layer, from physical to application. In a DTN environment, the generally longer latencies involved will probably act to make DoS attempts more effective. As with all networks, security mechanisms will themselves create new DoS opportunities. Therefore whatever services and mechanisms are defined for DTN security should explicitly consider DoS. For example, mechanisms which involve certificate status checking (via some protocol to a key) based on received messages create new DoS opportunities since such lookups consume resources on both the receiving node and the key server. Common DoS attacks: Attacks that are common to DTNs are Dropping of packets, Flooding the network with unnecessary spurious packets, Spoofing a different node’s address to intercept all the packets destined to that node, orrupting routing states and Counterfeiting network acknowledgments Resource consumption (Battery exhaustion, creating routing loops) 2.8 Resource consumption Due to the resource-scarcity that characterizes DTNs, unauthorized access and use of DTN resources is a serious concern. Specifically, the following can consume DTN resources and be considered threats against a DTN infrastructure [13]: 1. Access by unauthorized entities, 2. Unauthorized applications controlling the DTN infrastructure, 3. Authorized applications sending bundles at a rate or class of service for which they lack permission. 4. Unauthorised bundle content modification -tempering 5. Compromised network elements, be they DTN nodes or not. In addition to these threats, DTN nodes can act to assist or amplifysuch resource consuming behaviour as follows: Forwarding bundles that were not sent by authorized DTN nodes. Generating reports not originally requested (e.g. if a bundle has been modified) Not detecting unplanned replays or other misbehaviours. DoS prevention: As described above, denial-of-service is a breach of the security characteristic of availability. Along with availability, confidentiality and integrity are the primary concerns of security. DoS cannot be prevented because most attacks leverage the use of routing and other network activity but there are countermeasures to mitigate it like: Spread spectrum techniques (using network coding) Proper authentication using either Public-key cryptography (computationally expensive) or Fast symmetric-key cryptography must be used sparingly Currently work has been done using Identity based cryptography (IBC) or Hierarchical based cryptography (HIBC). DTN Security Requirements: [5] According to DTNRG The emphasis of DTN security is on protecting the DTN infrastructure from unauthorized access and use Prevent access by unauthorized applications, Prevent unauthorized applications from asserting control over the DTN infrastructure, Prevent authorized applications from sending bundles at a rate or class of service for which they lack permission, Promptly detect and discard bundles that were not sent by authorized users, (early detection within infrastructure rather than at destination), Promptly detect and discard bundles whose headers have been modified Promptly detect and disable compromised entities Secondary emphasis is on providing optional end-to-end security services to bundle applications. CHAPTER 3: My proposed approach to DOS in DTN 3.1 Introduction In this section I summarise my analysis of previous work done in the areas of security and attacks in DTN, especially Denial of Service in DTN. Also I identify conditions that are can materialise an attack materialise. Then I show that based on these conditions the attack effectively happening in a representative model, with a set number of nodes and chosen network topology, routing schemes and security scheme. I also demonstrate that security and privacy are crucial in DTN and using cryptographic techniques we can secure DTN. I assert that because of constrained nature of DTN, participants have limited access to Trusted Authority. In view of these constraints, I propose a model based on a symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography to mitigate DOS attacks in DTN. My model is based on prior creation and distribution of keys to participants at setup stage, where each trusted participant knows keys of others. 3.1 Scenario My scenario is based on IETF DNRG architecture on Delay tolerant network. There are multiple operating groups in this DTN. Each group has its own trusted and well known registering agency/organisation which can work as an affiliation agency or service provider. These could be any mobile service provider or any company which will register its employees and knows them prior or any university/school/hospitals which can register members by verifying their identity and credentials. This means that members of this group are now trusted and known and are not malicious. With this set up we have limited authenticated participant nodes and we can avoid any malicious activity by unknown/ untrusted nodes. Such network is a special DTN and can also be useful for example in a conflict zone where participation by anonymous nodes is not desired. I consider a scenario in which these mutually trusted DTN mobile nodes exchange messages within its group (using PDA/Bluetooth devices/mobile phones) with one another after authentication phase is successful. Fig1: Used Scnario 3.2 Background/Review of Security and DOS in DTN In Literature Here I will discuss solutions and reviews based on literature survey on DTN security and DOS attacks. There is a particular lack of research papers addressing DOS attacks in DTN. Most work is based on assuming that routing or security mechanism of DTN will prevent DOS to some extent. Nevertheless these schemes can never underlie the necessity of authentication protocols. Farrell and Cahill [11] review the current state of DTN security work inspired by Internet. They identify and analyse threats for DTN and the security requirements in bundle protocol. Then they discuss open issues in bundle security and implementation issues in DTN security as follows. (1.) First set of threats are from outside network due to being overlay nature of DTN. (2.) modification of messages or bundles in transit for malicious purposes. (3.) Unauthorized use of scarce DTN resources like replay attacks and (4.) denial of service which can be mounted on any network layer, and (5.) confidentiality and integrity threats like changing the destination in bundle. The author propose for DOS that firstly using random values instead of counters for identifying messages will make it hard to guess valid message content. Secondly, accepting only fresh authenticated messages and dropping all others will be advantageous in mitigating attacks. Thirdly, authors point that networks and security protocols themselves can create new DOS if not carefully designed. I am building on the second concept in my proposal i.e. exchange message after successful authentication. Moreover, Farrell and Cahill [11] propose that security architecture is needed in which security services can be provided both on hop-by-hop and end-to-end basis, and additionally between two intermediary nodes in the middle of a route. They also mention that several open issues remain in DTN security like the implementation cost and level of complexity should not rise too high, since typically complicated solutions are not secure in practice. Another big open issue is key management [11][12] briefly addresses security services on an end-to-end basis (e.g. confidentiality and DoS), but does not go into specifics nor considers the case of initial communication between two nodes without any prior security context. [13]The Delay Tolerant Networking Research Group (IRTF-DTNRG) has produced an Internet draft for bundle security protocol specification [12] and an additional draft [13] explaining the security overview and design choices made in the specification. The draft which is near completion describes security headers that can be added to bundles to provide different security services. Security Blocks in Bundle security Specification: According to RFC draft [13] there are four types of security block that can be included in a bundle. These are the (1.)Bundle Authentication Block (BAB), (2.) Payload Integrity Block (PIB), (3.) Payload Confidentiality Block (PCB) and (4.) Extension Security Block (ESB). The BAB is used to assure the authenticity and integrity of the bundle along a single hop from forwarder to intermediate receiver. The PIB is used to assure the authenticity and integrity of the payload from the PIB security-source, which creates the PIB, to the PIB security-destination, which verifies the PIB authenticator. The PCB indicates that the payload has been encrypted, in whole or in part, at the PCB security-source in order to protect the bundle content while in transit to the PCB security-destination. PIB and PCB protect the payload. The ESB provides security for non-payload blocks in a bundle. ESB therefore is not applied to PIB or PCBs, and of course is not appropriate for either the payload block or primary block. Extension Blocks Bundle Payload Primary Blocks (Time Stamp, Life Span, Flags, Source EID, Destination EID, Report to EID, Custodian EID) Security Blocks (optional) BAB, PIB, PCB, ESB Each security block contains source and destination information and a cipher-suite defines the algorithms that should be used to process the received security headers. The security-sender and the cipher-suite information together determine the choice of keys. Different combinations of these four security headers can be used simultaneously. The need to authenticate bundles using Security blocks is very useful to protect against denial-of service (DOS) attacks against a bundle agent’s resources, but need more insight knowledge how to implement it. In [14], [15] (Seth and Kate) authors discuss the challenges of providing secure communication (i.e., confidentiality) in DTN and suggest employing Identity-Based Encryption (IBE) to let a source derive the destination public key from some associated identity string, e.g., an e-mail address. In [14] Seth et al. discuss in detail about rural area DTN and shows that traditional mechanisms including a combination of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and certificates issued by trusted third party are not suitable for DTN. They develop a security mechanism for DTN using Hierarchical Identity-Based Cryptography (HIBC) for creating secure channels, providing mutual authentication, and key revocation. [15] Kate et al. uses identity based cryptography (IBC) for source authentication and anonymous communication as well as message confidentiality are provided using IBC. Its main idea is to make an entity’s public key directly derivable from its publicly known identity information such as e-mail address. Eliminating the need for public-key certificates and their management makes IBC much more appealing for securing DTNs, where the need to transmit and check certificates has been identified as a significant limitation. I note that the existing techniques to secure DTNs are aimed to provide data confidentiality and authentication only. In [16] Burgess et al. suggested that some Delay tolerant networks coupled with replication-based routing protocols are intrinsically fault tolerant even without authentication mechanisms. They compare four different routing algorithms (MaxProp and its three variants) against four different attack models: dropping of packets, flooding of packets, routing table falsification and counterfeiting delivery acknowledgments. They distinguish between two types of attack; weak and strong attacks on the basis of prior knowledge of DTN scenario. One of the major themes in the paper is the two-fold benefit of epidemic-style packet dissemination in DTN routing which improves packet delivery rates and greater attack tolerance. However, this paper does not provide any attack specific simulation. In [22] authors poses the question of the necessity of authentication or the level of authentication required especially since authentication imposes overhead. Without authentication, the number of nodes willing to join the network may actually increase due to the easier deployment, resulting in better overall performance. They identify conditions for an attack and present an attack based on a combination of targeted flooding and acknowledgement counterfeiting. They suggested that generally, attacks become increasingly effective when the minimum hop count required increases. Coclusion: Identity-based cryptography requires a global trusted third party to guarantee for new nodes entering the network (by generating the necessary private keys). But IBC is no better than traditional PKI in terms of authentication and only a little better than traditional PKI in terms of encryption since network connectivity is not necessarily needed at the time of reception and decryption. In [17] authors propose a scheme that gives confidentiality and authentication to messages leveraging social contact information and past present affiliation of peers. Author evaluates the proposed scheme by analysing real-world social network data of Facebook, simulating communication scenarios, and through an informal security analysis. In [18] authors focus on DOS and describe few possible DOS attacks for DTN and propose a token based mechanism against those attacks. Authors suggest attack depends on routing protocol. Therefore, it is obvious that the routing protocol that maintains routing table like in-node states can be subject to severe DOS attacks. Spray-and-wait protocol is a stateless protocol in that nodes do not maintain any routing states; instead a tiny state is kept in each packet header. Their first approach is very trivial but second approach based on Token utilising collision count with every peer node provides countermeasures against spoofing and packet dropping in a limited scenario. There are many drawbacks in this approach for example an honest node always meets the same malicious node spoofing the same address and that honest node never meets with the actual address holder or any other adversary spoofing that address. In this case the honest node does not suspect this peer to be an adversary a nd always follows basic Spray and will transfer message to malicious node. In [19] A. Wood very broadly discusses about DOS attack taxonomy to identify the attacker, his capabilities, and the target of the attack, vulnerabilities used, and the end result. Although, author surveys vulnerabilities and give possible defences in Wireless sensor network some of which issues are useful in gaining insight of DOS attacks in DTN. According to author denial-of-service is the result of any action that prevents any part of a network from functioning correctly or in a timely manner. It is directly a breach to availability. In [2s0] authors also use Identity based cryptography to investigate how security in DTNs can be bootstrapped and present an improved scheme for authentication of fragments. We show that DTN with replicative routing protocols are not necessarily robust under known denial of service attacks if there are no authentication mechanism in place. Under many networking settings and mobility patterns, carefully designed attacks based on well-known techniques can cause considerable performance degradation. They investigate the attack effectiveness under various settings and identify properties of the networking environment that attribute to the vulnerability of the network. They observed that routing protocols which globally floods routing metadata to guide routing decisions are more susceptible to attacks as the routing metadata can be easily spoofed. They also observed that the minimum hop count required for packet delivery plays an important role. 3.3 Attack Model My objective is to determine how performance of a DTN network suffers when no authentication scheme is used. This also depends on other variables set aside in assumptions about the security model and what attacks I want to consider. By recognise that these little variations can cause DTN to perform badly even in the presence of few attackers, for example in case of extremely low mobility of nodes and one node positions itself at a crucial location along the routing path. If that node misbehaves, by dropping or flooding bundles, DTN will perform miserably at least along that routing path. I have chosen a hop by hop authentication model where main aim of adversary nodes is to create DOS by preventing the successful delivery of packets to their intended destinations. The adversary nodes can join together to launch a coordinated attack or a standalone adversary node can perform an opportunistic attack. 3.4 Authentication Without authentication no estimation can be formed about the identities of nodes and therefore the intentions of peers can be determined. In traditional TCP/IP, data frames are transmitted to all other nodes on a network. Each receiving node checks the destination address of each frame, and simply ignores any frame not addressed to its own MAC. Because it is a local broadcast domain, MAC address spoofing is fairly easy. Attackers can spoof address of any node and can become any node at any time including the destination node of the bundle. 3.5 Routing Model While routing is important consideration and routing data exchange between nodes is an important factor, the need for peer to peer and end to end authentication cannot be precluded. In my model I am ignoring any attacks based on routing data exchange and also at application layer such as spoofing requests that floods legitimate nodes to flood each other with unneeded traffic. 3.6 Mobility Model An attacker’s mobility can be variable. It can attack all nodes that come within its transmission range or it can choose to remain in the vicinity of one node in the network for extended periods. Tailgating is also possible. [6] Burgess et al call the latter approach a parasite attack – the most effective use of the attacker’s resources. 3.7 Attack types In the above situation DOS attacks are possible by misbehaving nodes. I am considering the following two: Packet Dropping: An adversary node does not replicate, forward or store a packet that is received from its peer. These nodes act like black holes in the network and impair packet propagation in the network, although routing choices such as Spray provide some resilience to such attacks, because additional copies of packets might exist at other locations. Address Spoofing: An adversary fakes the some other node’s address when it encounters another node in the network. An unsuspecting node sends packets to this malicious node and removes packets from its queue. The unsuspecting node might also delete the packet after delivery. If the malicious node receives packets with a high replication count, the successful delivery of such packets becomes highly unlikely. Spoofing created more problems in the network than dropping with respect to packet delivery. An attacker can also perform both types of attacks simultaneously. 3.8 Assumptions In this section I describe assumptions for my proposed resilience mechanism to prevent DOS attacks in DTN. I’m considering two schemes; one based on pre shared symmetric keys and other based on public key cryptography. There is a Trusted Authority is assumed not to be compromised and nodes can only be registered by proving their credentials. Registration Authority can be any service providing company or any local company or government organisation. Also malicious nodes cannot be registered and registered nodes are not malicious. Each node has a unique ID and I assume that all group nodes have enough power and storage capability to perform cryptographic operations. For pre pre-shared keys scheme, each node at registration phase is given a group key, which it uses for authenticating other nodes. For public key cryptography based scheme, each node is given a public- private key pair at registration phase. Also, each node maintains a table of every other node in the group and their public keys. This table is provided at registration phase. 3.9 Proposed Resilience Mechanism My proposed schemes are based on creating a mutually trusting network of nodes. Spoofing nodes cannot utilise this network because they cannot pass authentication checks. a) Scheme based on pre-shared group key: The communicating nodes thwart potential DOS attacks of packet flooding by malicious sender and packet dropping by malicious receiver. Nodes authenticate each other before sending packets. The intention is to find if a peer is spoofing someone’s address. This is done as follows. Two nodes N1 and N2 are part of the group, which shares the group key G that they received at registration phase and wants to authenticate each other. Node N1 generates a random token RN1 and encrypts is with the group key G and sends the encrypted message G[RN1] to N2 Node N2 decrypts G[RN1] with G and sends result G’[G[RN1]] to N2 Node N1 checks whether RN1 is equal to G’[G[RN1]], if mismatch, N1 terminates further communication, otherwise proceed to next steps Node N2 generates a random token RN2 and encrypts is with the group key G and sends the encrypted message G[RN2] to N1 Node N1 decrypts G[RN2] with G and sends result G’[G[RN2]] to N2 Node N2 checks whether RN2 is equal to G’[G[RN2]], if mismatch, N2 terminates further communication, otherwise proceed to next steps N1 and N2 exchanges message. The drawback of this scheme is if pre-shared group key is compromised a malicious node can spoof any other node and coordinated attacks can be very disastrous. b) Scheme based on public key cryptography: In this scheme each trusted node maintains a table of other nodes and their public keys. This list is originally provided by Trusted Authority and refreshed when subject node comes in contact with Trusted Authority opportunistically or at scheduled times. The communicating nodes authenticate each other based on each other’s public keys before sending packets. This is done as follows. Two nodes N1 and N2 are part of the group, with each having their public private key pair [NiPub, NiPvt] received at registration phase. N1 generates a random Token RN1 N1 creates encrypted Token N2pub[RN1] Using shared N2’s public key and sends to N2 N2 decrypts N2pub[RN1] using its private key and responds with N2pvt[N2pub[RN1]] N1 checks whether N2pvt[N2pub[RN1]] is equal to RN1. If mismatch, N1 terminates further communication, otherwise proceed to next steps N2 generates a random Token RN2 N2 creates encrypted Token N1pub[RN2] Using shared N1’s public key and sends to N1 N1 decrypts N1pub[RN2] using its private key and responds with N1pvt[N1pub[RN2]] N2 checks whether N1pvt[N1pub[RN2]] is equal to RN2. If mismatch, N2 terminates further communication, otherwise proceed to next steps N1 and N2 exchanges message. In both of these schemes one node needs to know if the bundle originates from a trusted community in order to prevent flooding attack by a malicious node and the bundle is sent to a trustworthy node in order to prevent packed dropping If a malicious node spoofs some other node’s address, it cannot decrypt the encrypted random token it received from its peer. Analysis of Proposed Mechanism: I have chosen the above mutual authentication schemes as a mechanism to prevent DOS attacks on DTN because this is a reliable way to identify malicious nodes and prevent packet flooding by rejecting packets from untrusted nodes and also prevent the risk of packet dropping by not sending packets to untrusted nodes. If a malicious node tries to send junk packets to legitimate nodes, the packets can be discarded at first contact with a legitimate node because a malicious node cannot authenticate itself to the network without pre-shared group key or public-private keys issued by Trusted Authority. There is a need to address current distribution of security information among nodes. This will involve key management and revocation issues. But this is part of more general DTN configuration management solution. 3.10 Simulation model and parameters Result Matrices: The simulation results will show that packet delivery rate decreases significantly in the presence of malicious nodes, i.e., packet droppers and/or address spoofers. The results will also show that delivery rate is increased with our countermeasures. In addition to that, I will also measure the overheads caused by the countermeasures in terms of number of copies of a single packet. One Simulator (used for simulation) The Opportunistic Networking Environment (ONE) simulator has been specially designed for evaluating DTN routing and application protocols. It is written in JAVA. It provides Generation of node movement using different movement models e.g. 1. Random Movement 2. Map based Random Movement 3. Human behaviour Based Movement Routing messages between nodes with various DTN routing algorithms and sender and receiver types. Visualizing both mobility and message passing in real time in its graphical user interface. I have run some scenarios and already Implement protocols in ONE like 1.) MaxProp 2.)Direct Delivery, 3.) Epidemic, 4.) First Contact, 5.) PROPHET 6.) Spray and Wait I have tried to read and understand Code of different classes, I have configured ONE using Eclipse Work done Fig: Screen shot of scenario One simulator test runs Five test runs were done on One Simulator using default epidemic routing with varying number of nodes from 60 to 180 in steps of 30. Some of the results are captured in the table below Nodes60 90 120 150 180 sim_time165 374 541 780 1096 delivered288 292 313 300 299 delivery_prob0.3876 0.3914 0.4196 0.4032 0.4024 hopcount_avg20.7396 15.2705 17.7636 15.12 12.9398 Future work I have chosen mutual authentication as a means to prevent DOS attacks because current implementation of DTN does not yet completely address the problem of address spoofing and packet dropping. Without the aid of some form of authentication either at node level or bundle level, it is difficult to discern malicious nodes. The bundle security protocol draft introduces four new security blocks in Bundle architecture (BAB, PIB) and their purposes. These blocks can be used to implement existing cryptographic techniques to provide some robust resilience against DOS and other common attacks in DTN. However this will involve development of reliable cipher suites and cryptosystems and this is an area of continued research. My further work will be mainly focused in the area of Bundle security specification. CHAPTER 4: Conclusion 4.1 Project Work Plan 5: References [1]K. Fall, â€Å"A Delay-Tolerant Network Architecture for Challenged Internets,† SIGCOMM, August 2003. [2]Vinton Cerf, Scott Burleigh, Adrian Hooke, Leigh Torgerson, Robert Durst, Keith Scott, Kevin Fall, and Howard Weis, Delay-tolerant network architecture. DTNRG Internet Draft, March 2003 and IETF RFC 4838, informational, April 2007. [3]K. Scott and S. Burleigh, â€Å"Bundle Protocol Specification,† IETF RFC5050, experimental, November 2007. [4]K. Fall and S. Farrell, â€Å"DTN: an architectural retrospective,† Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 26 no. 5, pp. 828- 836, June 2008. [5]William D. Ivancic (NASA Glenn Research Center), â€Å"Security Analysis of DTN Architecture and Bundle Protocol Specification for Space-Based Networks†, IEEEAC paper1057, Version 4, Updated 2009:10:27 [6]DTN The State of the Art (http://wiki.n4c.eu/wiki/images/0/03/Proposal_description.pdf) [7] Challenged Internet Access Network Technology Infrastructure (CHIANTI March 2008) [7]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay-tolerant_networking [8]L. Wood, W. Eddy, P. Holiday: â€Å"A Bundle of Problems,† IEEE Aerospace conference, Big Sky, Montana, March 2009. [9]K. Scott and S. Burleigh, â€Å"Bundle Protocol Specification,† IETF RFC5050, experimental, November 2007. [10] F. Warthman. Delay tolerant networks tutorial..tnrg.org/docs/tutorials/warthman-1.1.pdf, 2003. [11] Stephen Farrell and Vinny Cahill. Security considerations in space and delay tolerant networks. In Proc. 2nd IEEE International Conference on Space Mission Challenges for Information Technology (SMC-IT’06), July 2006. [12] Stephen Farrell, Susan Symington, and Howard Weiss. Delay-Tolerant networking security overview.IRTF, DTN research group, October 2006. Draft version -03; expires in Expires: January 4, 2008. [13] S. Symington, S. Farrell, H. Weiss. Bundle Security Protocol Specification. http://www.dtnrg.org/draft-irtf-dtnrg-bundlesecurity-19.txt, Expires: September 12, 2011. [14] A Seth, U. Hengartner, and S. Keshav. Practical security for disconnected nodes. In First Workshop on Secure Network Protocols (NPSec), Revised 2006 version of the NPSec paper http://www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/a3seth/practical security v2.pdf. [15] A. Kate, G. Zaverucha, and U. Hengartner. Anonymity and security in delay tolerant networks. In Secure Comm 2007. [16] J. Burgess, G. D. Bissias, M. Corner, and B. N. Levine. Surviving attacks on disruption-tolerant networks without authentication. In MobiHoc ’07, pages 61–70, New York, NY, USA, 2007. ACM. [17] K. El Defrawy, J. Solis, G. Tsudik. Leveraging Social Contacts for Message Confidentiality in Delay-Tolerant Networks 33rd Annual IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference, Seattle, Washington, July 20-24, 2009 [18] Technical Report on ‘Denials in DTN’ by www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/14821/denialindtns.pdf?†¦ [19] Wood A. D. and Stankovic J. A. â€Å"A taxonomy for denial-of service attacks in wireless sensor networks†, in Handbook of Sensor Networks: Compact Wireless and Wired Sensing Systems, edited by Mohammad Ilyas and Imad Mahgoub, CRC Press LLC, 2005. [20] N. Asokan, K. Kostianinen, P. Ginzboorg, J. Ott, and C. Luo, â€Å"Towards securing disruption-tolerant networking,† Nokia Research Center, Tech. Rep. NRC-TR-2007-007. [21] Virgil D. Gligor. On denial-of-service in computer networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Engineering, pages 608.617. IEEE, 1986.) [22] Fai Cheong Choo, Mun Choon Chan and Ee-Chien Chang â€Å"Robustness of DTN against Routing Attacks,† COMSNET, Bangalore, Jan 4-9, 2010. [23] Ari Keranen, Jog Ott, and Teemu Karkkainen. The ONE Simulator for DTN Protocol Evaluation. In SIMUTools ’09: Proceedings of the 2nd Inter-national Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques, New York, NY, USA, 2009. ICST. [24] One simulator tool website. http://www.netlab.tkk.fi/tutkimus/dtn/theone/. How to cite Interplanetary Internet from NASA’s experiment, Essay examples

Socio-Cultural Transition of Australia-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Critically Analyse how Attitudes and Legislation has Changed the Landscape in Australia in terms of Diversity, Expectations and Behaviour. Answer: A true story in the form of a real-life movie titled Theyre a Weird Mob is being used in this essay to understand the socio-cultural transition of Australia from ancient past to the current times. The movie was being released in 1966 and the socio-cultural behaviours of that time are being shown through it (YouTube, 2018). However, the movie itself looks to have moved away from the actuality. It appears that some behaviour in the movie can just not be the part of the Australian culture. The paper specifically studies the differences if there are any in terms of socio-cultural beliefs as shown in the movie and of the modern day Australian people in real. In the movie, Nino is an Italian migrant and had recently arrived in Australia. The reason behind the arrival was to fulfil his desire and utilise his passion for writing by working for his cousins Italian Language based Magazine firm as a sports writer. However, Nino had all the surprises being landed on him when Nino cam to know that his cousin is no longer owning the Italian Language based magazine. This is because Ninos cousin had a large debt to pay and his cousin had no other option than to surrender the ownership to his debt provider Kay Kelly (YouTube, 2018). The story has some other characters like Kay Kelly who had provided the debt to Ninos cousin. It had Kellys father Harrywho had played the role of an Anglo-Irish and shown to have immense hatred for Italian (YouTube, 2018). The character of Nino is very simple and quite understandable also as it is always advisable to adopt the country's culture the one is visiting as an immigrant. The characteristic of Kelly is understandable also as the character seems to have developed a feeling for Nino. The movie had revealed some very eye-catching moments where it is speaking of the legislation and socio-cultural beliefs of Australian people in 1966 (YouTube, 2018). It is really very hard to trust whether the scenes are portraying the factual things. The moment Nino landed to Sydney, he was misbehaved or inappropriately behaved by the immigration officer. The immigration officer was very rude and strict as well. It is difficult to say why that is so. Nino was very courteous in his approach; however, the immigration officer was not that so (YouTube, 2018). It means the immigration officer was unnecessarily rude and strict to the Italian Nino. Additionally, Nino was not being allowed to wait in the airport. He was r ather being forced to depart from there and said that no can wait inside the airport. This is really understanding how immigration officer can force someone to leave the airport although it is quite valid to stay in the waiting zone (Fan, Guthrie Levinson, 2016). The other moments were the interactions between Harry and Nino on different occasions. Harry had hatred feelings for the Italian people. On the other hand, he had a picture of an Italian pope on the wall of his home. Contradictions are evident in the two different thoughts (YouTube, 2018). Harry appears as proud, rude and racist. The character supports a fact that Australians are racist. The movie also shows that workers are put to hard works. The work pressure is one of the reasons for labours falling sick (YouTube, 2018). The movie thus finds a few challenges like workplace stress, rude strict behaviours of immigration officers and racism in regards to legislation and the socio-cultural behaviours of Australia in 1966. The findings are now being analysed under the existing practices of legislation and the socio-cultural behaviours in Australia. According to Williams (2016), the immigration policies are tougher and challenging as well for those who represent a suspicious character. Those few characters are but not limited to like people not carrying the visa or have overstayed, people with cancelled visa, people suspected to have been involved in smuggling cases and the others. It means the character of an immigration officer displayed in the movie is perhaps not the true given the present legislative guidelines. Immigration officers may detent anybody who falls under the mentioned categories. Racism has been shown in the movie on quite a few occasions like when Harry reacted very badly with Nino. When Nino went to Kellys house to meet her father, her father just said that Harry hated writers, dagos or brickies. It just shows an anti-Italian thought in Harry. It also cites racism in the character of Harry. The fact is quite true as well. After being fought to extensive level, the Austrian government has not been able to abolish or control the racism activities. Australia had signed the convention on the different kinds of racial discrimination. They had executed it through the Race Discrimination Act 1975 (ABC News, 2018). Racism, racist violence and race discrimination are still the part of the country. The administration has failed to stop the racial activities. The government has been true in acknowledging the challenges that they have in the form of racism (ABC News, 2018). The current scenarios may be different to those depicted in the movie Theyre a Weird Mobfor racial activities; however, the movie can be said to have revealed the fact. Despite the government initiatives, there have not been any significant controls on the racial activities. The immigrants and refugees are actually being targeted at the public level. The schools, high schools, universities, workplaces and other social gathering places seem to have to carry the hard truth (Forrest, Lean Dunn, 2016). At current, the number of foreign students coming to Australia has increased. There has been a good growth in the number of foreign students being enrolled in a variety of courses in Australia. Diversity is an evident part of Australian institutions now. There are mentors and behavioural teachers being hired specifically for finding unacceptable behaviours. They also do their best once they are being informed of a case or they notice it through other possible ways. They try to understand the situation by calling the victim student and the other who are the convicts. Such mentors with their unconventional approach try to understand the real scenario. Both parties such as the victim and the convicts are allowed to keep their points. The mentor then judges the incident under the guidelines for preventing the racial activities. The mentor gives full effort on resolving the issue and encourages both the parties to be friends (Forrest, Elias Paradies, 2016). However, this is also the scen ario that in rare case such reporting is conveyed to the mentor. Victims on many occasions do not trust on mentors and doubt on their capability. This may be that they have the feelings that mentors will not be available all the time or everywhere. Victims due to this or some more reasons keep on tolerating the racist behaviour (Lentin, 2016). The Australian workplace also has racism existing. Some employees have experienced themselves whereas some do not deny the fact that racism exists in the workplace. They believe that racism is highly evident at the time of recruitment. Preference is given to indigenous people, not to those who are the immigrants and the refugees (Bodkin-Andrews Carlson, 2016). Australia has a long history of immigrants and refugees coming to the country. It was sought more prominently at the international arena significantly after the World War II that the country needs immigrants to support the population growth (Panayi, 2016). They by doing this had presented a very adorable and a transparent picture of the global world. However, the fact is quite different. Most of the refugees that had entered Australia were being sent to Manus Island where they had no opportunities to avail. Moreover, an exit from the island was also very difficult. On the other hand, the Australian government has kept on showi ng that refugees were being sent to Manus Island for processing. They will be sent to city areas once they are processed with the Australian guidelines. However, Manus Island was more a detention centre. It was in the year 2016 when refugees movement to Manus Island was being declared as illegal (Panayi, 2016). Racism has a historical background as explained in the aforesaid section. It still persists at the different institutions like the workplace. Immigrant workers are not treated the same way as the indigenous people. Racism is there at the time of recruitment process. It really hampers the performance and adds worries to immigrant employees. Mental health of such employees may get influenced which is one of the reasons for job dissatisfaction in Australia (Kowal, 2015). Australian employee is being reported to as developing the mental health issues due to work pressure, job insecurity, workplace environment and others. Such factors are becoming the reasons for incrementing absenteeism, suicidal cases, recession and many (Kowal, 2015). Racism is another factor that put a negative impact on the brain. Those who are at up front and escalate any first-hand racism to the respective body at the workplace, they are less likely to develop the mental health issues. However, those who do not dar e to disclose their first-hand experience to the respective body, they are more certain to develop the mental health-related challenges (Kowal, 2015). In the movie also, Nino did hard work to not only survive in the country but, also prove his stand to Harry who had hatred feelings for Italians. Nino had worked harder to get things going. Nino during his workdays had noticed quite a few things like labours were being put to hard work. Due to the work pressure, some labours were probably being accustomed to the mental health issues. As a consequence, few labours were being shown as falling sick. Nino himself fought hard to get to the destination. After a lot of struggles, Nino cold manage to buy a land, so that, he could marry Kelly. However, that was not enough an effort for Harry who had played the role of Kellys father in the movie (YouTube, 2018). The number of immigrants is also growing. They have been migrating to Australia for various purposes like education, jobs and visits. Racism looks as being rooted in both the schools and the workplaces. Visitors also face the racial treatments. Celebrities are not an exception. Even the sportspersons face such behaviours. It has been in past; it still exists. They face such treatments from the opposition players and most importantly, from the audience. The Australian audience is probably not like the ones in England. English audience gives respect to others as well. They respect the game but, not the other thing. However, in Australia, it appears as if the indigenous people or the home team should only get the appreciation. They less appreciate and more criticise (Davies Dunbar, 2015). Therefore, the movie has revealed some very good facts regarding the country Australia. The immigration experience may or may not be true as now the immigration policies are very strict and also that Manus Island has been confirmed as illegal in 2016 by the Australian government. However, racial activities which have largely been displayed in the movie do exist in Australia. The educational centres such as the schools are influenced by racist activities. Immigrant students are mainly affected. It may be harmful to their existing and the higher studies also. The administration policies are there but, have not been able so far to reduce the racial incidents. The Australia workplace is also surrounded by racist activities. It has probably one of the reasons for incrementing absenteeism from the workplace and the attrition. Employees are getting accustomed to mental illness. No significant transition can be observed in the plot which is being created in the movie Theyre a Weird Moband Au stralia in the 21st century. The government has shown some urgency to it as it is evident in its move to declare Manus Island as illegal and also the practice of anti-discrimination policy. However, things appear like not in the control of the Australian government References: ABC News. (2018).Australia is still fighting racism and it's time we faced up to it. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-27/australias-race-relations-will-be-examined-by-un-in-geneva/9198272 [Accessed 26 Mar. 2018]. Bodkin-Andrews, G., Carlson, B. (2016). The legacy of racism and Indigenous Australian identity within education.Race Ethnicity and Education,19(4), 784-807. Davies, C., Dunbar, N. (2015). Internal Policing of the Enduring Issue of Racism in Professional Team Sports.U. Notre Dame Austl. L. Rev.,17, 59. Fan, Y., Guthrie, A., Levinson, D. (2016). Waiting time perceptions at transit stops and stations: Effects of basic amenities, gender, and security.Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,88, 251-264. Forrest, J., Elias, A., Paradies, Y. (2016). Perspectives on the geography of intolerance: Racist attitudes and experience of racism in Melbourne, Australia.Geoforum,70, 51-59. Forrest, J., Lean, G., Dunn, K. (2016). Challenging racism through schools: teacher attitudes to cultural diversity and multicultural education in Sydney, Australia.Race Ethnicity and Education,19(3), 618-638. Kowal, E. (2015). Time, indigeneity and white anti?racism in Australia.The Australian Journal of Anthropology,26(1), 94-111. Lentin, A. (2016). Racism in public or public racism: doing anti-racism in post-racialtimes.Ethnic and Racial Studies,39(1), 33-48. Panayi, P. (Ed.). (2016).Minorities in wartime: national and racial groupings in Europe, North America and Australia during the two World Wars. Bloomsbury Publishing. Williams, A. (2016).Developing strategies for the modern international airport: East Asia and beyond. Routledge. YouTube. (2018).They're A Weird Mob. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDvMY1cE5q4 [Accessed 26 Mar. 2018